1) vargloft (vargur, "originally "wolf, now used for "aggressive person, hothead". First isolated in 1886 by the French chemist Henri Moissan, fluorine was originally referred to as the "gas of Lucifer".
See: http://revroum.getion.ro/wp-content/uploads/2006/RRC_12_2006/Art%2001.pdf .
Reactions with fluorine are often sudden or explosive. Many generally non-reactive substances such as powdered steel, glass fragments and asbestos fibers are readily consumed by cold fluorine gas. Wood and even water burn with flames when subjected to a jet of fluorine, without the need for a spark. It is the only gas that can form compounds with noble gases, except for neon and helium, to any significant extent. The generation of elemental fluorine proved to be exceptionally dangerous, killing or blinding several early experimenters. Jean Dussaud referred to these men as "fluorine martyrs", a term still used. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine
Because of its being the most reactive and dangerous gas, the French physicist and mathematician André Ampère suggested the Greek word for "destructive", Phtor, for he thought it to be more appropriate in view of the destructive properties of the element itself and its compounds. Only in the Slavic and some Asian countries this name took root (see list to the left) and is the avenue of thought that underlies the construction of vargloft. In most countrues Davy's proposal of naming it after the mineral "fluospar" was accepted.
2) einsætuloft, einsetuloft: Fluorine is the only monoisotopic (only one stable isotope exists) gaseous element. See the periodic table at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoisotopic_element . The Iceandic translation of "isotope" is samsæta, isotope, monoisotopic translates as einsamsæta or better einsæta, because "monotope" is an existing variant of the term: einsætu- + loft (air, gas). The neologism einsæta ressembles einseta in einsetumaður (hermit), monoisotopic elements could be regarded as "hermit elements" (einsetuefni), hence the name einsetuloft could also be an option but with the disadvantage that the link with einsæta (monoisotope, monotope) is a little bit less retained.
3) seltlingur (in German "Halogenchen", the "little salt-former". The lightest, the dwarf of the halogens, the dwarf of the group, seltlingur is a diminutive of salt, that sounds like söltungar (halogen), which refers to its being the lightest of the noble gases)
4) neiloft, neilyfti (the most electronegative gas)
2) Chlorine
1) selti, saltloft
In some eastern countries like Japan, chemists derived their name for this element from ‘salt’, which in its original, unextended meaning designated table-salt or NaCl compound. They didn't refer to the yellowish-green colour of the gas, a property that underlay the international name: chlorine (from Greek khloros, yellowsh green). The old Czech name for chlorine was ‘solík’, derived from ‘sol‘ (salt). In Icelandic, some names of elements are i-shift-derivations of common words denoting their chief sources: e.g. ‘loft’ (air) became ‘lyfti’ (nitrogen), and ‘vatn’, became ‘vetni’ (hydrogen). Analogous to these examples ‘selti’ would be an appropriate name for chlorine.
2) bleikiloft
First of all, yes, chlorine is a bleaching gas, it will even bleach your cloths faster than bleaching water. The name of the preceding element ‘brennisteinn’ served as a construction model for this neologism. The first part of the compound is a verbal derivation that designates a characteristic property (brenni, bleiki), the second part is a noun, refering to the state of aggregation and the material nature of the element (steinn, loft). The idea of 'bleaching' is based on the old Hungarian name for chlorine halvany, derived from halványit (to take the colour out of, to bleach): see http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B3r (régi magyar nevén means "old hungarian name")
3) gallreykur
Although very different from chlorine chemically, bile doesn have some characteristics in common with chlorine. It has a greenish-yellow colour and it is astringent. Then there's also an etymological connection. The Greek translation of bile (khole) is related to ‘khlorós’ (greenish-yellow), which is the root of the name ‘chlorine’. The bad reputation of chlorine (the first gas used in chemical warfare) make the infernally-sounding gallreykur sound very becoming.
4) þungflúr
Fluor has only one stable isotope so þungflúr can't mean anything else than "chlorine".
3) Bromine
1) rokroði (means "volatile red", that's exactly what bromine is, a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature.)
2) bleikiblóð (bleaching blood, the red bleaching liquid. Like chlorine, it has a strong bleaching action. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine (see under "chemical")
3) þefselti, þefþengi (stinking halogen, suffix can be either -selti, from "salt", refering to its halogenic nature, or more specific -þengi, refering to its isolation, like iodine, from þang (seaweed)).
4) dreyrflúr (a variant of "bleikiblóð". First element can be kept monosyllabic, as in dreyrstafir, dreyrblaðka.
4) Iodine
1) þengi (from þang (sea-weed), because iodine accumulates in sea-weeds. In 1850, Czech chemists proposed the term řasík (from řasa (seaweed), see http://www.prvky.com/historicke-nazvy.html
2) skjaldselti (accumulates in the thyroid gland)
3) fjóluglit (lustrous black solid that vaporizes with a violet colour)
5) astatine
1) valtsöltungur, valtselti, geislasöltungur, stundarsöltungur (the unstable halogen)
2) birkilselti ("Berkelian halogen" or "berkeline", the halogene synthesized and characterized in Berkeley. The -ine suffix, which is used in English to specifically designate halogens is translated as -selti.
For the explanation about the derivations birkil-, -birkli, Birkiló see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/polonium-mariubly-pulinamalmur-ok-that.html (under Berkelium)
3) óst (from óstöðugur, meaning "unstable". This adjective is, as luck would have it, etymologically related and still sound-similar to its Greek equivalent άστατος (astatos).
Dubnine, Ununseptium (element 117)
1) dufnuselti (= halogen of Dubna, Russia)
2) útlotusöltungur (exoperiodical halogen)
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