104 rutherfordium: ryðri (i-shift of the first part in the name Rutherford), nýhliðarmálmur (new transition element),
105 dubnium: dyfni (i-shift of the first three characters of dubnium)
106 seaborgium: sæbyrgi, birkilþungsteinn, birkilylfi (The "tungsten" created at the Berkeley labs)
107 bohrium: minnistundarmálmur (minute-metal, because the half-life of the stablest bohrium isotope is Bh-270, 61 seconds, that's as good as one minute (minnistund) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohrium
108 hassium: hessni (after Hessen, Germany)
109 meitnerium: lísuefni
110 darmstadtium: hessneskt hvítagull (hessenian platinum)
111 roentgenium: röndkinsgull (exoperiodical gold) http://extremeicelandic.blogspot.be/2011/11/icelandic-equivalent-of-german-surname.html
112 copernicium: koparníska kvikasilfur
113
114 Flerovium flý (eka-lead, blý), http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/06/flerovium-fly.html
moskvublý (moscou-lead)
115
116 Livermorium: Lifurmæri
117
118 ofurblyfti (super-radon)
Sunday, August 26, 2012
Monday, August 6, 2012
Aluminium group elements
1) Boron
1) ol (kol + ál)
It was very surprising to find out there is a way to create an even shorter name for this element than the existing bór (B): "ol". This is how I arrived at this construction:
On the periodic sytem, immediately right of boron you'll find carbon. The -on suffix in the English names of the chemical elements occur, apart from the noble gases neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon, only in the names of the following three elements: boron, silicon and carbon. The reason for this is the fact that these three share some physical and chemical properties. Now, because boron is also positioned right above aluminium (ál), it is possible construct a hybrid-word out of the names of boron's neighbours: ol (ál + kol). This short, two-character word terminologically positions boron left of carbon and right above aluminium and because ol is a combination of the name of a metal (ál) and a non-metal (kol, kolefni), it simultaneously expresses the metalloid character of boron.)
2) álmungur
(ál + málmungur, the metalloid of the aluminium-group). The word álmur is already in use for the elm-tree and for that reason it can't be used as a suffix to denote aluminium group metals, but álmungur is a different word that doesn't produce this connotation)
3) þolmálmungur: the hard, refractory metalloid. Boron is the hardest metalloid.
2) Aluminium
1) ál
2) leirstál (the steel from clay)
3) eyrstæði (In 1825, Hans Christian Ørsted made a significant contribution to chemistry by producing aluminium for the first time. While an aluminium-iron alloy had previously been developed by British scientist and inventor Humphry Davy, Ørsted was the first to isolate the element via a reduction of aluminium chloride. The surname Ørsted icelandicizes as Eyrstaðir, so the neuter form for the element aluminium is eyrstæði.
3) Gallium
1) þeyál (thawing aluminium), þeymálmur (The thawing metal, melts at 30°C)
2) ísál (ice-aluminium): Gallium is the only substance apart from ice, germanium and bismuth that expands on solidification. It's melting point is low (29.77) so it melts in the hand, like ice.
3) Indium
1) trin (tri- + tin): I choose to keep this name partly Icelandic by making a contraction of the international prefix "tri-" and "tin", because the "thorn (þ)" as first consonant, which would result into þrin (þrí + tin) phoneticly diverges, in my opinion, a little too much from "tin" to be succesful as a "pun" on the word "tin". It is crucial to retain the initial "t" and the final "n" because the insertion of the "r" in "tri" makes the word already sound very differently. "Trin" could have been the international term for indium: the predominantly trivalent "tin" of group 3a.
2) indál (ind- as in indium, indigo + ál (element of the aluminium group of metals)
3) blendistin: Indium was discovered (1863) by Ferdinand Reich and Theodor Richter while they were examining samples of sphalerite (German zinkblende or simply blende, Icelandic blendi. Nowadays most indium is still a byproduct of zinc produced from that same mineral sphalerite or "blende". Because the metal is situated right from tin, we can use the latter's name as a positioning marker and call indium: "sphaleritic tin" or in Icelandic blendistin.
4) skrækál: Indium produces high-pitched sound when a bar of the pure metal is bent. It is called the "tin-cry". Indium is the element two places left from silver that exhibits this property.
4) Thallium
1) útál (outer aluminium, the element of the aluminium group situated near the outer shore of the periodic sytems' "continent of nuclear stability")
2) völskublý (because its compounds were used as a rat poison)
1) ol (kol + ál)
It was very surprising to find out there is a way to create an even shorter name for this element than the existing bór (B): "ol". This is how I arrived at this construction:
On the periodic sytem, immediately right of boron you'll find carbon. The -on suffix in the English names of the chemical elements occur, apart from the noble gases neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon, only in the names of the following three elements: boron, silicon and carbon. The reason for this is the fact that these three share some physical and chemical properties. Now, because boron is also positioned right above aluminium (ál), it is possible construct a hybrid-word out of the names of boron's neighbours: ol (ál + kol). This short, two-character word terminologically positions boron left of carbon and right above aluminium and because ol is a combination of the name of a metal (ál) and a non-metal (kol, kolefni), it simultaneously expresses the metalloid character of boron.)
2) álmungur
(ál + málmungur, the metalloid of the aluminium-group). The word álmur is already in use for the elm-tree and for that reason it can't be used as a suffix to denote aluminium group metals, but álmungur is a different word that doesn't produce this connotation)
3) þolmálmungur: the hard, refractory metalloid. Boron is the hardest metalloid.
2) Aluminium
1) ál
2) leirstál (the steel from clay)
3) eyrstæði (In 1825, Hans Christian Ørsted made a significant contribution to chemistry by producing aluminium for the first time. While an aluminium-iron alloy had previously been developed by British scientist and inventor Humphry Davy, Ørsted was the first to isolate the element via a reduction of aluminium chloride. The surname Ørsted icelandicizes as Eyrstaðir, so the neuter form for the element aluminium is eyrstæði.
3) Gallium
1) þeyál (thawing aluminium), þeymálmur (The thawing metal, melts at 30°C)
2) ísál (ice-aluminium): Gallium is the only substance apart from ice, germanium and bismuth that expands on solidification. It's melting point is low (29.77) so it melts in the hand, like ice.
3) Indium
1) trin (tri- + tin): I choose to keep this name partly Icelandic by making a contraction of the international prefix "tri-" and "tin", because the "thorn (þ)" as first consonant, which would result into þrin (þrí + tin) phoneticly diverges, in my opinion, a little too much from "tin" to be succesful as a "pun" on the word "tin". It is crucial to retain the initial "t" and the final "n" because the insertion of the "r" in "tri" makes the word already sound very differently. "Trin" could have been the international term for indium: the predominantly trivalent "tin" of group 3a.
3) blendistin: Indium was discovered (1863) by Ferdinand Reich and Theodor Richter while they were examining samples of sphalerite (German zinkblende or simply blende, Icelandic blendi. Nowadays most indium is still a byproduct of zinc produced from that same mineral sphalerite or "blende". Because the metal is situated right from tin, we can use the latter's name as a positioning marker and call indium: "sphaleritic tin" or in Icelandic blendistin.
4) skrækál: Indium produces high-pitched sound when a bar of the pure metal is bent. It is called the "tin-cry". Indium is the element two places left from silver that exhibits this property.
4) Thallium
1) útál (outer aluminium, the element of the aluminium group situated near the outer shore of the periodic sytems' "continent of nuclear stability")
2) völskublý (because its compounds were used as a rat poison)
Nitrogen group elements, nitrungar
1) phosphorus
lýsill (from ljós, I deliberately made it sounds like the preceding element kísill)
2) arsenic
a) illmálmungur (evil metalloid), eiturmálmungur (poison-metalloid), ómálmungur (Compounds of this metalloid were historically known as deadly poisons. Despite the fact that also selenium and tellurium form exceedingly toxic compounds, it is this classical ill reputation of arsenic compounds that makes a term like "poison-metalloid" the most transparent solution for this element.
b) litgylli (from litargull, yellow orpiment): The word arsenic was borrowed from the Syriac word al zarniqa and the Persian word Zarnikh, meaning "yellow orpiment". This was arguably the most famous arsenic compound in antiquity. The word orpiment itself is a corruption of the Latin auripigmentum (gold pigment) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpiment
In Icelandic it was translated gulllitarefni, which can easily be reduced to litargull (colour-gold or pigment-gold), from which litgylli can be derived to serve as a designation of elemental arsenic.
c) eiturkóngur, kóngaeitur: Owing to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the Poison of Kings and the King of Poisons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic (see under History)
d) lýsilbróðir (brother of phosphorus)
3) Antimony
brátin, hvarmtin (= ‘Eye-lid tin’)
Long before the element was isolated and the most part of its history, antimony was known in the form of its trisulphide stibnite, which oriental women used to darken their eyes. The term ‘kohl’was the Semitic word used in early Biblical references and is the Arabic word for the mineral. The word ‘surma’, which denotes the same product has become the name for antimony in most Altaic and some slavic languages. The native Mongolian term for this element ‘budag’ also means ‘eye-pigment’. For more information: http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/element.php?sym=Sb
My personal favourite construction is brátin, because many kennings refering to the eye in Old Icelandic poetry are similarly formed stem-compounds with brá (eye-lid, eye-lash): brátungl, brásól, brágeislar, respectively the moon, sun and the beams of the eye-lids or eye-lashes, all poetic designations of the eye. Other examples are bráregn or brádögg (respectively "rain" and "dew" of the eye-lid, which refers to tears) and brávöllur (eye-lid field, the forehead).
As a term denoting the element's chief ore, stibnite, the Germans used spiessglanz (spear-lustre), which could be icelandicized to geirglit, which I found an unpoetic calque of the German word. The Ritmálssafn orðabókar háskólans mentions the unadapted germanism spísglans, which for me, as a purist, is hard to palate. For that reason I made my own neologism: ígulglit. Search Google images for stibnite and you will see that the description ígulglit is by no means far-fetched.
4) bismuth
öskublý (After Agricola' s "plumbum cinerum", ash-lead, which is still mentioned in Dutch and German dictionaries as respectively "aslood" and "aschenblei".)
lýsill (from ljós, I deliberately made it sounds like the preceding element kísill)
2) arsenic
a) illmálmungur (evil metalloid), eiturmálmungur (poison-metalloid), ómálmungur (Compounds of this metalloid were historically known as deadly poisons. Despite the fact that also selenium and tellurium form exceedingly toxic compounds, it is this classical ill reputation of arsenic compounds that makes a term like "poison-metalloid" the most transparent solution for this element.
b) litgylli (from litargull, yellow orpiment): The word arsenic was borrowed from the Syriac word al zarniqa and the Persian word Zarnikh, meaning "yellow orpiment". This was arguably the most famous arsenic compound in antiquity. The word orpiment itself is a corruption of the Latin auripigmentum (gold pigment) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpiment
In Icelandic it was translated gulllitarefni, which can easily be reduced to litargull (colour-gold or pigment-gold), from which litgylli can be derived to serve as a designation of elemental arsenic.
c) eiturkóngur, kóngaeitur: Owing to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the Poison of Kings and the King of Poisons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic (see under History)
d) lýsilbróðir (brother of phosphorus)
3) Antimony
brátin, hvarmtin (= ‘Eye-lid tin’)
Long before the element was isolated and the most part of its history, antimony was known in the form of its trisulphide stibnite, which oriental women used to darken their eyes. The term ‘kohl’was the Semitic word used in early Biblical references and is the Arabic word for the mineral. The word ‘surma’, which denotes the same product has become the name for antimony in most Altaic and some slavic languages. The native Mongolian term for this element ‘budag’ also means ‘eye-pigment’. For more information: http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/element.php?sym=Sb
My personal favourite construction is brátin, because many kennings refering to the eye in Old Icelandic poetry are similarly formed stem-compounds with brá (eye-lid, eye-lash): brátungl, brásól, brágeislar, respectively the moon, sun and the beams of the eye-lids or eye-lashes, all poetic designations of the eye. Other examples are bráregn or brádögg (respectively "rain" and "dew" of the eye-lid, which refers to tears) and brávöllur (eye-lid field, the forehead).
As a term denoting the element's chief ore, stibnite, the Germans used spiessglanz (spear-lustre), which could be icelandicized to geirglit, which I found an unpoetic calque of the German word. The Ritmálssafn orðabókar háskólans mentions the unadapted germanism spísglans, which for me, as a purist, is hard to palate. For that reason I made my own neologism: ígulglit. Search Google images for stibnite and you will see that the description ígulglit is by no means far-fetched.
4) bismuth
öskublý (After Agricola' s "plumbum cinerum", ash-lead, which is still mentioned in Dutch and German dictionaries as respectively "aslood" and "aschenblei".)
The Halogens (söltungar)
1) Fluorine
1) vargloft (vargur, "originally "wolf, now used for "aggressive person, hothead". First isolated in 1886 by the French chemist Henri Moissan, fluorine was originally referred to as the "gas of Lucifer".
See: http://revroum.getion.ro/wp-content/uploads/2006/RRC_12_2006/Art%2001.pdf .
Reactions with fluorine are often sudden or explosive. Many generally non-reactive substances such as powdered steel, glass fragments and asbestos fibers are readily consumed by cold fluorine gas. Wood and even water burn with flames when subjected to a jet of fluorine, without the need for a spark. It is the only gas that can form compounds with noble gases, except for neon and helium, to any significant extent. The generation of elemental fluorine proved to be exceptionally dangerous, killing or blinding several early experimenters. Jean Dussaud referred to these men as "fluorine martyrs", a term still used. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine
Because of its being the most reactive and dangerous gas, the French physicist and mathematician André Ampère suggested the Greek word for "destructive", Phtor, for he thought it to be more appropriate in view of the destructive properties of the element itself and its compounds. Only in the Slavic and some Asian countries this name took root (see list to the left) and is the avenue of thought that underlies the construction of vargloft. In most countrues Davy's proposal of naming it after the mineral "fluospar" was accepted.
2) einsætuloft, einsetuloft: Fluorine is the only monoisotopic (only one stable isotope exists) gaseous element. See the periodic table at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoisotopic_element . The Iceandic translation of "isotope" is samsæta, isotope, monoisotopic translates as einsamsæta or better einsæta, because "monotope" is an existing variant of the term: einsætu- + loft (air, gas). The neologism einsæta ressembles einseta in einsetumaður (hermit), monoisotopic elements could be regarded as "hermit elements" (einsetuefni), hence the name einsetuloft could also be an option but with the disadvantage that the link with einsæta (monoisotope, monotope) is a little bit less retained.
3) seltlingur (in German "Halogenchen", the "little salt-former". The lightest, the dwarf of the halogens, the dwarf of the group, seltlingur is a diminutive of salt, that sounds like söltungar (halogen), which refers to its being the lightest of the noble gases)
4) neiloft, neilyfti (the most electronegative gas)
2) Chlorine
1) selti, saltloft
In some eastern countries like Japan, chemists derived their name for this element from ‘salt’, which in its original, unextended meaning designated table-salt or NaCl compound. They didn't refer to the yellowish-green colour of the gas, a property that underlay the international name: chlorine (from Greek khloros, yellowsh green). The old Czech name for chlorine was ‘solík’, derived from ‘sol‘ (salt). In Icelandic, some names of elements are i-shift-derivations of common words denoting their chief sources: e.g. ‘loft’ (air) became ‘lyfti’ (nitrogen), and ‘vatn’, became ‘vetni’ (hydrogen). Analogous to these examples ‘selti’ would be an appropriate name for chlorine.
2) bleikiloft
First of all, yes, chlorine is a bleaching gas, it will even bleach your cloths faster than bleaching water. The name of the preceding element ‘brennisteinn’ served as a construction model for this neologism. The first part of the compound is a verbal derivation that designates a characteristic property (brenni, bleiki), the second part is a noun, refering to the state of aggregation and the material nature of the element (steinn, loft). The idea of 'bleaching' is based on the old Hungarian name for chlorine halvany, derived from halványit (to take the colour out of, to bleach): see http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B3r (régi magyar nevén means "old hungarian name")
3) gallreykur
Although very different from chlorine chemically, bile doesn have some characteristics in common with chlorine. It has a greenish-yellow colour and it is astringent. Then there's also an etymological connection. The Greek translation of bile (khole) is related to ‘khlorós’ (greenish-yellow), which is the root of the name ‘chlorine’. The bad reputation of chlorine (the first gas used in chemical warfare) make the infernally-sounding gallreykur sound very becoming.
4) þungflúr
Fluor has only one stable isotope so þungflúr can't mean anything else than "chlorine".
3) Bromine
1) rokroði (means "volatile red", that's exactly what bromine is, a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature.)
2) bleikiblóð (bleaching blood, the red bleaching liquid. Like chlorine, it has a strong bleaching action. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine (see under "chemical")
3) þefselti, þefþengi (stinking halogen, suffix can be either -selti, from "salt", refering to its halogenic nature, or more specific -þengi, refering to its isolation, like iodine, from þang (seaweed)).
4) dreyrflúr (a variant of "bleikiblóð". First element can be kept monosyllabic, as in dreyrstafir, dreyrblaðka.
4) Iodine
1) þengi (from þang (sea-weed), because iodine accumulates in sea-weeds. In 1850, Czech chemists proposed the term řasík (from řasa (seaweed), see http://www.prvky.com/historicke-nazvy.html
2) skjaldselti (accumulates in the thyroid gland)
3) fjóluglit (lustrous black solid that vaporizes with a violet colour)
5) astatine
1) valtsöltungur, valtselti, geislasöltungur, stundarsöltungur (the unstable halogen)
2) birkilselti ("Berkelian halogen" or "berkeline", the halogene synthesized and characterized in Berkeley. The -ine suffix, which is used in English to specifically designate halogens is translated as -selti.
For the explanation about the derivations birkil-, -birkli, Birkiló see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/polonium-mariubly-pulinamalmur-ok-that.html (under Berkelium)
3) óst (from óstöðugur, meaning "unstable". This adjective is, as luck would have it, etymologically related and still sound-similar to its Greek equivalent άστατος (astatos).
Dubnine, Ununseptium (element 117)
1) dufnuselti (= halogen of Dubna, Russia)
2) útlotusöltungur (exoperiodical halogen)
1) vargloft (vargur, "originally "wolf, now used for "aggressive person, hothead". First isolated in 1886 by the French chemist Henri Moissan, fluorine was originally referred to as the "gas of Lucifer".
See: http://revroum.getion.ro/wp-content/uploads/2006/RRC_12_2006/Art%2001.pdf .
Reactions with fluorine are often sudden or explosive. Many generally non-reactive substances such as powdered steel, glass fragments and asbestos fibers are readily consumed by cold fluorine gas. Wood and even water burn with flames when subjected to a jet of fluorine, without the need for a spark. It is the only gas that can form compounds with noble gases, except for neon and helium, to any significant extent. The generation of elemental fluorine proved to be exceptionally dangerous, killing or blinding several early experimenters. Jean Dussaud referred to these men as "fluorine martyrs", a term still used. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine
Because of its being the most reactive and dangerous gas, the French physicist and mathematician André Ampère suggested the Greek word for "destructive", Phtor, for he thought it to be more appropriate in view of the destructive properties of the element itself and its compounds. Only in the Slavic and some Asian countries this name took root (see list to the left) and is the avenue of thought that underlies the construction of vargloft. In most countrues Davy's proposal of naming it after the mineral "fluospar" was accepted.
2) einsætuloft, einsetuloft: Fluorine is the only monoisotopic (only one stable isotope exists) gaseous element. See the periodic table at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoisotopic_element . The Iceandic translation of "isotope" is samsæta, isotope, monoisotopic translates as einsamsæta or better einsæta, because "monotope" is an existing variant of the term: einsætu- + loft (air, gas). The neologism einsæta ressembles einseta in einsetumaður (hermit), monoisotopic elements could be regarded as "hermit elements" (einsetuefni), hence the name einsetuloft could also be an option but with the disadvantage that the link with einsæta (monoisotope, monotope) is a little bit less retained.
3) seltlingur (in German "Halogenchen", the "little salt-former". The lightest, the dwarf of the halogens, the dwarf of the group, seltlingur is a diminutive of salt, that sounds like söltungar (halogen), which refers to its being the lightest of the noble gases)
4) neiloft, neilyfti (the most electronegative gas)
2) Chlorine
1) selti, saltloft
In some eastern countries like Japan, chemists derived their name for this element from ‘salt’, which in its original, unextended meaning designated table-salt or NaCl compound. They didn't refer to the yellowish-green colour of the gas, a property that underlay the international name: chlorine (from Greek khloros, yellowsh green). The old Czech name for chlorine was ‘solík’, derived from ‘sol‘ (salt). In Icelandic, some names of elements are i-shift-derivations of common words denoting their chief sources: e.g. ‘loft’ (air) became ‘lyfti’ (nitrogen), and ‘vatn’, became ‘vetni’ (hydrogen). Analogous to these examples ‘selti’ would be an appropriate name for chlorine.
2) bleikiloft
First of all, yes, chlorine is a bleaching gas, it will even bleach your cloths faster than bleaching water. The name of the preceding element ‘brennisteinn’ served as a construction model for this neologism. The first part of the compound is a verbal derivation that designates a characteristic property (brenni, bleiki), the second part is a noun, refering to the state of aggregation and the material nature of the element (steinn, loft). The idea of 'bleaching' is based on the old Hungarian name for chlorine halvany, derived from halványit (to take the colour out of, to bleach): see http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B3r (régi magyar nevén means "old hungarian name")
3) gallreykur
Although very different from chlorine chemically, bile doesn have some characteristics in common with chlorine. It has a greenish-yellow colour and it is astringent. Then there's also an etymological connection. The Greek translation of bile (khole) is related to ‘khlorós’ (greenish-yellow), which is the root of the name ‘chlorine’. The bad reputation of chlorine (the first gas used in chemical warfare) make the infernally-sounding gallreykur sound very becoming.
4) þungflúr
Fluor has only one stable isotope so þungflúr can't mean anything else than "chlorine".
3) Bromine
1) rokroði (means "volatile red", that's exactly what bromine is, a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature.)
2) bleikiblóð (bleaching blood, the red bleaching liquid. Like chlorine, it has a strong bleaching action. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine (see under "chemical")
3) þefselti, þefþengi (stinking halogen, suffix can be either -selti, from "salt", refering to its halogenic nature, or more specific -þengi, refering to its isolation, like iodine, from þang (seaweed)).
4) dreyrflúr (a variant of "bleikiblóð". First element can be kept monosyllabic, as in dreyrstafir, dreyrblaðka.
4) Iodine
1) þengi (from þang (sea-weed), because iodine accumulates in sea-weeds. In 1850, Czech chemists proposed the term řasík (from řasa (seaweed), see http://www.prvky.com/historicke-nazvy.html
2) skjaldselti (accumulates in the thyroid gland)
3) fjóluglit (lustrous black solid that vaporizes with a violet colour)
5) astatine
1) valtsöltungur, valtselti, geislasöltungur, stundarsöltungur (the unstable halogen)
2) birkilselti ("Berkelian halogen" or "berkeline", the halogene synthesized and characterized in Berkeley. The -ine suffix, which is used in English to specifically designate halogens is translated as -selti.
For the explanation about the derivations birkil-, -birkli, Birkiló see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/polonium-mariubly-pulinamalmur-ok-that.html (under Berkelium)
3) óst (from óstöðugur, meaning "unstable". This adjective is, as luck would have it, etymologically related and still sound-similar to its Greek equivalent άστατος (astatos).
Dubnine, Ununseptium (element 117)
1) dufnuselti (= halogen of Dubna, Russia)
2) útlotusöltungur (exoperiodical halogen)
Saturday, August 4, 2012
Radioactive elements
Polonium
1) maríublý,
Polonium is situated just two places to the right of lead (blý) and most of its exceedingly radioactive isotopes represent one of the last stages in the three major decay-chains that end up with lead-isotopes. This makes blý an appropriate choice for a second element in a compound. As for the first part: because the element was discovered by Marie Curie, who named it after her country Poland, it would be appropriate to name it after her.
2) Læsamálmur, Læsynjublý, Læsaefni, Læsablý: The first part of this compound is an Old Icelandic name for the Polish people: Læsir (masculin plural of Læsur). The Íslensk orðsifjabók mentions:
3 Læsir, †Lḝsir, Lesir k.ft. † pólskur þjóðflokkur við Vislu, Ljachar, sbr. frúss ljachy 'Pólverjar', lith. lénkas og fpól. lęchь (s.m.) sem er samdráttarmynd (með smækkunarviðsk. -ch) < lędĕninь af lędo 'nýtt land, óbrotið land', eiginl. 'nýlendingar'. Sk. land
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, which is situated at the Vistula River, so Læsur applies to her, Læsynja, the feminine form of Læsur is even more specific: Læsynjumálmur, Læsynjublý (metal, lead of the Polish woman)
In the early 11th century, Scandinavians referred to the Polish tribe of Polans in the region of Gniezno as Laesar. (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendians and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(western)
Note that the typically Polish name Lech, which is the first name of the former Polish president Lech Walęnsa, happens to have an Icelandic variant!
The term Lechitic is related to the name of the legendary Polish forefather Lech and the name Lechia by which Poland was formerly sometimes known. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechitic_languages
The orðsifjabók also mentions Læsir as a masculine personal name, which is identical to Lech, so Icelandic actually has a form of its own for this typically Polish name: Læsir Valensa (Lech Walęsa, in which the normally nasal sound ę is colloquially pronounced as 'en', so I adapted it to Icelandic as 'en'.
1) Læsir, †Lęsir k. † karlmannsnafn (í fornaldars.) Vísast tengt þjóðflokksheitinu Læsir (3) Íslensk orðsifjabók (see above)
3) púlín, púlínablý, púlínamálmur
If the word has to be constructed in the same style as most other names, where the ending -ium is replaced by -ín (natrín, kalín, kalsín, why not calling polonium PÚLÍN, instead of 'pólon', after the oldest Icelandic form Púlínaland, mentioned in the Þiðreks saga af Bern: En er Vilkinus konungr hefir stýrt þessu ríki um stund, þá býr hann her sinn ok ríðr með ótal riddara ok annarra hermanna út í Púlínaland ok á þar margar orrostur ok stórar bæði.
astatine
1) valtsöltungur, valtselti, stundarselti (the unstable halogen)
2) birkilselti, birkilþengi ("Berkelian" halogen, "Berkelian" iodine, the halogene synthesized and characterized in Berkeley. For the explanation about the derivations birkil-, -birkli, Birkiló see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/polonium-mariubly-pulinamalmur-ok-that.html (under Berkelium)
3) skildilbirkli (literally "thyroberkeline", Astatine, similarly to its stable and lighter brother iodine will, most characteristicly, accumulate in the thyroid gland. The authors of the iðorðasafn lækna were apparently satisfied with stem-compound constructions with the monosyllabic skjald- (stem of skjöldur, shield), instead of dissyllabic constructions with skildil- (skildill, thyroid gland) in terms refering to the thyoid gland: e.g. skjaldeitrunar- (thyrotoxic), skjaldsarpur (thyroid crisis). So we can use skjald- as the first element in an Icelandic compound-name for astatine.
Although astatine occurs in nature in extremely small amounts, the elusive halogen was first characterized after its creation by bombardement of bismuth with alpha particles in the Berkeley labs. In English terminology berkeline would have been equally valid a name for this element because only halogens have the -ine ending and only astatine was made at the Berkeley labs. For that reason -birkli can be used as second element. It is a neuter noun I use as a suffix in some names of elements syntesized in Berkeley, e.g. berkelium, birkilbly, birkli and Curium, maríubirkli (marie-berkelium), the element preceding berkelium and named after Marie and Pierre Curie. The resulting compound skjaldbirkli, would, literally translated into English be something like THYROBERKELINE (thyro- (suffix refering to the thyroid gland) + berkel- (from Berkeley, as in Berkel-ium) + -ine (the suffix used in names for halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine). For the explanation about the derivations birkil-, -birkli, Birkiló see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/polonium-mariubly-pulinamalmur-ok-that.html (under Berkelium)
4) óst (from óstöðugur, meaning "unstable". This adjective is, as luck would have it, etymologically related and still sound-similar to its Greek equivalent άστατος (astatos).)
Radon
1) geislaloft (Mentioned in the iðorðasafn lækna (English - Icelandic medical terminology) as the equivalent of "emanation", which is actually the obsolete name for this noble gas.
þórsloft = thoron
þórálsloft, hnossarloft = actinon
maríuloft, þrúðarloft = radon)
2) útloft (lit. "ultron", "exogas", "exon")
3) blyfti ("plumbon", "lead-heavy air", a contraction of blý (lead) and lyfti (i-shift of loft, which exists, unfortunately already as a name for nitrogen, but it has failed as a neologism in favour of nitur, so doesn't have to be a deal-breaker). Blyfti is a kind of "terminologically reductionist short-cut" of blýþungt loft (lead-heavy air).
Francium
stundarmálmur (The element's most stable isotope has a half-life of no more than 22 minutes, that means that one eighth part of it is still there after an hour, so the compound stundarmálmur, with the first part "stund", interpreted in an additional sense of "klukkustund" (hour), is applicable in this case.)
Radium
1) maríuglóð
Radium was discovered by Marie Curie (maríu-) and is so intensely radioactive that it glows in the dark (-glóð). In English, the literally translated equivalent of this neologism would be "mariglow" (constructed like "marigold").
2) þrúðarblý, þrúðarmálmur, þrýði
Og hvernig skall kenna maríuglóð? Svo að kalla þrúðarblý eða þrýði, og líkn þórkelki og móðir blýþungs lofts eða blyftisgjafa (nuclear physics terminology in an eddaic dress!)
Note that the radium that was found by the Curies was mostly Ra-226, the most stable isotope, which is a daughter-product of Ionium or Thorium-230 (bikþór, see thorium), which ultimately goes back to the parent isotope U-238, the most abundant source of which is uraninite or pitch-blende. So bikþrýði "pitch-trudium" specifically designates Ra-226.
Actinides
Þórbirklingar (thorberkelians)
The first element Þor (þór-) refers to Thorium, which is the most abundant of the natural actinides, three times more abundant than uranium, in the same way as Cerium, its homolog in the lanthanide series is the most abundant of the lanthanides. that's why the first 7 lanthanides, including lanthanum, are called "ceroids". "Þór-" as a first element in a collective name for the actinides refers to the first naturally occuring actinides.
The transuranium actinides, from Neptunium to lawrencium were discovered in Berkeley labs. Neptunium and plutonium were later discovered in nature but the transplutonium elements were all synthesized at Berkeley. This place-name most easily translates as Birkiló (Birch-clearing) and birkil- can be used in constructions like birkilefni (compare berkel-ium) or nýbirkilefni, nýbirkli (californium), maríubirkli (Mary's berkelium, curium). The second element in the name for the actinides, representing the transplutonium elements is -birklingar. This sounds like the collective family name derived from a man called "Bjarki Þór", so it sounds truly Icelandic.
Actinium
1) útþribblingur: Scandium = þribbill (first element of group 3B, þrír (three) + BB +-ill (in a diminutive because it is the lightest member), the þribblingar stands for the elements in group 3B, the Scandoids, if you like), so finally útþribblingur (út = outer, exo- + þribblingur (member of group 3B stand for actinium)
2) þórál
The "aluminium" next to thorium' (Aluminium can used here in the sense of "trivalent chemical element" for all element in the groups 3A and 3B, because it happens to be the primordial and most abundant trivalent metallic element in the universe and the first of its kind (boron is not a metal) on the periodic table. The first element 'þór-' refers to its closest actinide brother situated right next to it on the periodic table, the relatively superstable thorium.
3) hnossarblý
Protactinium has a stable V+ oxidantion state and is therefore a "pseudohomologue" of elements of the Vanadium group. It is the periodic table's first and probably last "pseudovanadoid". This means that freyjublý (blý) (from freyjujárn, vanadium) can be used to denote its position). The daughter of the godess Freyja was called Hnoss, so hnossarblý becomes the name for Actinium.
Thorium
1) þórefni, þórblý
2) eyblý, eyjublý (island-lead): This term is, firstly, founded upon the fact that thorium was discovered in a sample that originated from the Norwegian island Løvøy (Icel. Laufey), see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8v%C3%B8ya,_Telemark and secondly and maybe more importantly, the fact of thorium being the most stable and consequently most abundant element of the two only islands of nuclear stability beyond lead and bismuth: thorium (eyjublý) and uranium (úteyjublý). Plutonium is útskersblý (útsker = outer sea-rock).
3) Norðblý (= Norwegian lead. The only postplumbic element that is named after something Scandinavian)
Ionium or thorium-230
bikþórblý (pitch-thorlead) or simply bikþór (holtaþór is an Old Icelandic name for quartz, so why can't names of metals or stones end simply in -þór, something that is also commonly seen in Icelandic personal names like Hafþór, Álfþór,...)
Thorium-230 is formed as a decay product of Th-234, which is in its turn a daughter-product of U-238. so it found in pitch-blende (here expressed by the marker bik-, from bikblendi), while thorium's most abundant isotope Th-232 is not. So bikþór (pitch-thor) is the name for this isotope. See also radium.
Proactinium
1) eyjasundsblý (eyjasund means "sea-strait between islands" and occurs thrice in the Old Icelandic dictionary:
Eyjasund, n. a sound or narrow strait between two islands, Egils saga. 93, Formanna sögur ii.64, 298. (Cleasby, Vígfússon, Craigie, An Icelandic-English Dictionary)
The term "eyjasundsblý" refers to the position of the unstable and relatively very underabundant protactinium, sandwiched between the only two island-elements in the postplumbic (after lead) "sea of instability": thorium and uranium, the half-lives of which are sufficiently long for them to have survived the gigayears of geological time and to be still present in nature in significant quantities. The last element blý is used in reference to the position of protactinium after lead and also to the fact Pa-231, which constitutes almost 100% of all crustal protactinium, ultimately end up as the lead isotope Pb-207.
If you compare the periodic system with landmasses as is done in superheavy element chemistry (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_stability (see paragraph "island of relative stability"), protactinium represents the sea-strait between the only two postplumbic islands of stability, thorium and uranium. Strictly spoken, eyjasundsblý is more robust in its correctness than the name protactinium itself, because not all protactinium-isotopes decay into actinium. It's somewhat similar to naming helium "alphium" after the overabundant He-4 isotope, while ignoring the existence of trialphium or He-3. Eyjusundsblý doesn't have flaws. The name is founded upon the fact that protactinium will always remain, astro- and geochemically, the ONLY element that constitutes the ONLY "sea-strait of instability". an additioonal bonus is the fact that "eyjasund" is a lexical artefact from the Old Icelandic literature occuring in the Egilssaga and the Formannasögur.
A last point: One may ask: And what about neptunium, which is situated between uranium and plutonium. The latter can still to be found in very small trace-quantities in nature. Doesn't that make neptunium qualify as a "sea-strait" between relatively stable islands in the same way as protactinium between thorium and uranium? No, actually not. A term like eyjasundsblý for neptunium would be like naming the water between the Icelandic island Grímsey and the tiny sea-rock further up north, a sea-strait. For non-icelanders: would it be practical to call the space between Ireland and the tiny westernmost sea-rock Rockall, a sea strait? No, from a geographer's viewpoint, the water north of Grímsey or north-west of Ireland is "open sea", with of course small islands, like St-Kilda or sea-rocks, like Rockall or in the case of Iceland, Kolbeinsey. But calling the space between two landmasses, that differ more than a 100,000-fold in size, a strait, seems to me too far a fetch, impractical and actually, from a geographer's standpoint, irrelevant. And this is exactly the situation of Plutonium in the postplumbic sea of instability with regards to the nuclear stability of its isotopes and the extrapolating effect of this on their abundances. Plutonium is like the small sea-rock Rockall in proportion to the islands England and Ireland (thorium and uranium respectively) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockall. Europe could be regarded as the elemental continent ending at bismuth (Cape Griz Nez near Calais http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Gris_Nez . But the straight of Dover had better been a few thousand kilometres wider to suit this comparison, but you see what I mean. The term útskersblý (outer + sea-rock +lead) would therefore make a nice term for plutonium. So there's no reason to think of neptunium as a sea-straight. That honour exclusively goes to protactinium.
.
2) þórálsmóðir (þórál = actinium)
(proto- (for-) + þórál (actinium, "thor-aluminium", the element in the immediate neighbourhood of thorium, which is chemically the closest in its properties to aluminium), because the longest-lived protactinium isotope desintegrates into an isotope of actinium).
3) freyjublý, vanynjublý (waness' lead), vanskablý (wanish lead)
Protactinium has a stable V+ oxidantion state and is therefore a "pseudohomologue" of elements of the Vanadium group, designated with the marker Freyju- (Vanadís). It is true that there is no reference to the pseudohomolgue nature, but the addition of -blý (lead), which is used as a positioning marker of elements from lead to the higher region of the actinide series, excludes tantalum or seaborgium.
4) sýndarsúrjarðarmálmur, sýndarsúrjörðungur (pseudo acidic-earth-metal), súrjarðarái ("acidic earth forefather", refering to its position as a "vice parent isotope", successing U-235, in the actinium decay chain), súrjarðarþórsblý (acidic earth thor-lead, thorium),
This is another avenue of thought in the translation of protactinium: sýndar- "pseudo-" + súrjarðar "acidic earth", which is coined after the old German term erdsäuren or säure erden, which specifically designated the pronounced acidic mineral oxides of the members of the Vanadium group, V, Nb and Ta, see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erds%C3%A4uren
Protactinium is the only element that is pseudohomologuous with elements of the vanadium group in possessing a stable V+ oxidation state. Protactinium's brother in the lanthanide series, praseodymium, doesn't have this V+ state.
Uranium
1) úteyjablý ("útblý" would be erroneous in its insufficiency, for it can as well denote bismuth, at the shore of the "sea of nuclear instability". The first part úteyju means " of the outer islands", which refer to U-235 and U-238). The second part -blý incdicates its position after lead and that after a long time the element will end up as "lead".
2) fenrisblý: The reason hy I think this is the best option:
3) þórþungsteinn (thor-tungsten, thor-wolfram)
The peculiar arrangement of the first 5 actinides in some older representations of the periodic table with a shifted position with respect to the other actinides reflects the fact that, owing to a large delocalization of their 5f orbitals, the 5f electrons take part in their chemistry, a feature that is much less pronounced in the 4f series of the lanthanides. This makes Th a pseudohomolog of the group 4 elements Zr and Hf, Pa a pseudohomolog of the group 5 elements Nb and Ta, and, to a lesser extent U (Uranium) a pseudohomolog of W (Tungsten). The more uniform actinide behavior is found only with the latter half of the actinide elements beginning with Am (americium). Because of this chemical similarity between uranium (U) and tungsten (W), I decided to call the first “þórþungsteinn” (þór- referring to uranium’s proximity to thorium (þórblý, thurslead), its much more abundant and sole relatively stable actinide relative. The second part þungsteinn reflect the pseudohomologous similarity to tungsten (W).
Despite of the PSEUDOhomologuous nature, I don't think it's inappropriate to make use "tungsten" in the creation of a native Icelandic name for uranium. Old names of metals that exist since the invention of metallurgy, like tin, silver, gold, are sometimes used in compound to denote elements with even very different chemical properties. Names like "astin" (ash-tin), a synonym of bismut in Dutch in which the second element "tin" only refers to the metal's lustre, or "white-gold" (hvítagull) for platinum, which is chemcally less homologous with gold than uranium is with tungsten. "thurstungsten" (Thurs- from Thursday, Thor's day) only refer to an element near Thorium that, albeit pseudohomologeously, displays chemical properties similar to tungsten.
"Þórþungstein" (thurstungsten, ) consist of three Old Icelandic words
and has only three syllables, which compensate for the amount of characters.
4) áablý, áamálmur
The only way to coin native names for elements higher than lead and bismuth is to make use of "blý" (lead) as a terminological positioning marker on the periodic table. Most isotopes of elements heavier than lead and bismuth are radioactive and will eventually (provided they don't desintegrate through the process of spontaneous fission, which exceeds alpha-decay as the predominant mode of fission in transcalifornium elements) end up as "lead-isotopes". This is another reason to use 'lead' (blý) as a second element in compounds, apart from its utility as a positioning marker for transplumbic elements.
The only two elements, heavier than lead and bismuth, that have isotopes sufficiently stable to have been able to survive geological timescales are Thorium (Th, þórsblý), specifically its isotope Th-232 and Uranium (U-235 and U- 238). My first though was to first use the collective term paleoplumbum (Icelandic: frumblý) to designate these three isotopes and then to further differentiate between the elements themselves by means of a prefix. The problem with paleoplumbum, unfortunately, is its suggesting that all the lead in the universe results from radioactive decay, which is not the case. The largest proportion of the lead wasn't enriched further into heavier elements in the neutron absorption process in supernovae due to the enormous stability and neutron-absorption-resistent nature of some lead nuclei. For that reason, I choose áably (ái (great-grand father, forefather, progenitor) + blý (lead)). These words only refer to the heavier elements that decay into lead and doesn't say anything about the different origins of the lead in the universe.
Now, in strict sense, áablý or eddublý refers to the three existing parent isotopes Th-232, U-235 and U-238, but I decided to use áablý exclusively for uranium. The reason for this is because Uranium was named after the planet Uranus, which in its turn was named after the original forefather of the Greek Gods, the "ái" of the Olympians, comparable to Buri, Odin's grandfather and progenitor of all gods in Scandinavian mythology. The god Thor, after whom the element thorium was named, didn't possess this ability of being a "theoprogenitor" (áaguð, áaguðsstjarna (planet Uranus)). The second and third reason is because uranium is the heaviest of both elements and posseses two of the three parent isotopes.
5) frumguðsblý: The metal was named after the Planet Uranus, which was in it's turn named after the forefather of all olympian gods, the theoprogenitor Uranus: frumguðsstajrna (the "theoprogenitor star", the planet uranus), frumguðsblý ("theoprogenitor lead", uranium). There are many theoprogenitors in different mythologies, but all planets are called after Greek and Roman Deities there is only one star and undirectly one element that actually bear the name of a "primordial god", so we don't have to specify here. The prefix frumguðs- (theoprogenitor) can perfectly replace "uranus" in these cases. The inclusion of "stjarna" (star) is not obligatory, also because frumguðsstajrnablý would be too long. All references to Uranus, being it to a god or a star could be made by using frumguðs-. Some mention Aether or Chaos as the father of Uranus, but most Greeks considered Uranus to be primordial and gave him no parentage. (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology) under the paragraph "genealogy".
6) bikmálmur
The word "pitchblende" is also called uranpecherz in German, but in Dutch the word "pekerts" also exists. In Czech, it is named smolinec, derived from "smola" (pitch, tar), which again doesn't contain the word "blende". Any mineralogist will point to uraninite when you talk about the "pitch-ore", so we don't have to make use of "blende" when creating a native name for uranium.
So how do we form the Icelandic name then? First we translate "pitch-ore": bik (pitch) + málmgrýti (málmur (metal) + grýti (mineral)): bikmálmgrýti, from which we can derive "bikmálmur" (pitch-metal).
7) dulkraftsblý (dulkraftur (hidden power) + blý (lead))
Hvernig skal kenna úlfblý? Svo að kalla því úteyjublý, fenrismálmur, jaðarylfi, þórþungsteinn, bikmálmur, dulkraftsblý og líka áablý eða frumguðsblý.
Neptunium
1) A name based upon the name of neptunium's homolog promethium in the lanthanide series
a) eldþjófsblý: The name of uranium's periodical successor could be founded upon the Icelandic name of its lighter lanthanide brother promethium (eldþjòfsmálmur) see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/rare-earth-elements-hulismalmar.html The last element -blý ositiones the element after lead: eldþjófsblý (fire-thief-lead)
This way of creating names of actinides isn't uncommon. compare: europium - americium/ gadolinium - curium.
b) þeif(s)blý: "-þeifur" is an abbreviation of Prómeþeifur which sounds like "þjófur". This is no more a morphological mutilation of a word than the element names erbium, terbium or yttrium, which are element names generated from decapitated left-overs of the Swedish place-name Ytterby.
c) birkilþeifi (Neptunium was discovered at Berkeley (Icel. Birkiló, Birkil- (like Berkel- in Berkelium)) + þeifi (neuter form of -þeifur (from Promeþeifur (Prometheus), after which neptunium's homolog in the lanthanide series was called). "Birkilþeifi" (Berkelian promethium) emphasizes that Neptunium was discovered at the Berkeley labs instead of the Oak Ridge labs, where promethium was found.
2) A name based upon the name of Nordic equivalents of the Roman sea-god's: Ægir and
Njörður
Ægisefni, ægisblý/ njarðarblý, njarðblý (Ægir/ Njörð are the Nordic equivalents of the Roman sea-god Neptune.)
Plutonium
1) sjögervisblý, flókinmálmur (Plutonium is an actinide element located at the transition where the 5f electrons go from being delocalized to localized, which makes it one of the most complex materials known. It has as many as seven allotropic (Icelandic: fjölgervi) forms, which means that it exists in seven different forms.
I like this word because "seven" is the magic number of fairy tales and "hell" which is associated with "plutonium" (see next term) has been depicted as having "seven gates".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium (See under: electronic structure)
See http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2002/nov/20/plutonium-is-also-a-superconductor
http://www.lanl.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2012/May/05.21-plutonium-fingerprinted.php
2) heljarblý (Because it is often refered to as "the infernal element". http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/243165?view=synopsis I choose a compound with -blý, used for elements heavier than lead of which the majority of their isotopes decays into lead-iostopes.)
3) kleyfagull (lit. "the fissile gold", from adj. kleyfur (fissile) + gull (= gold, in the sense of valuable substance, as in the expression "black gold" (petroleum). Plutonium has been the most important element in nuclear industry. Uranium was known before the nuclear era and it would therefore be somewhat "terminologically anachronistic" to call it explicitely after its later discovered nuclear properties, while plutonium was the first elemental fruit, if we may call it so, of the "nuclear era".
4) útskersblý, útskersefni: Plutonium is the outer sea-rock, the "Rockall" or "Kolbeinsey" of the postplumbic "sea of instability", in comparison to which Ireland compares to uranium, Great Britain to Thorium and the European mainland to the continent of stable elements which end at bismuth-209, which could be compared to Cape Griz Nez in France at the strait of Dover, and this is a bit unfortunate because the "mainland of nuclear stability" and the first large island thorium is no narrow strait, there are 6 elements between bismuth and thorium, so here the comparison is flawed, but you'll understand the point I want to make. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockall
Útskersblý means "outer sea-rock lead" and refers to the element's outermost position on the periodic table as a "naturally occuring" element. At the same time if refers to its very low abundance, in comparison with thorium and uranium, which are like the British Islands in comparison.
This, again, is another example of terminology founded upon the geographical presentation of postplumbic elements. In physics it is called "sea of instability”, which starts at bismuth, the "fore-shore element" (fjörublý), because it is now known that bismuth-209 is radioactive, but its half-life is a billion times longer than the age of the universe. For that reason it is comparable to what Icelanders call fjara, which translates as "fore-shore" or the part of the beach between the ebb- and the floodline. Personally I disfavour a term like this in the case of bismuth because it would constitute a terminological anachronism. The metal was known long before the almost infinitely small instability of its predominant isotope Bi-209was established. Alternatively naming Francium djúpálefni ("deap-sea trench element") is in this respect more appropriate because the knowledge about radioactive elements at the time of francium's discovery was sufficient for this term to be conceived. Francium is the most unstable of the first 106 elements and when its low atomic number is taken into account, it is the most unstable element that will ever exist, therefore djúpálefni. Thorium and uranium could respectively be referred to as eyjublý (island-lead, not only because it constitutes the most important island of stability on the periodic table but also due to the fact that thorium was discovered in a sample that originated from the Norwegian island Løvøy (Icel. Laufey), see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8v%C3%B8ya,_Telemark ) and of course úteyjublý (outer island lead) for uranium. But again, these two latter terms are founded upon knowlegde generated long after the discovery of these two elements. The name eyjusundsblý for protactinium, the element between the two latter, on the other hand, is fabulous and in line with the knowledge that existed at the time it was discovered. And of course útskersblý for plutonium is doable.
Th-232 (thorium), U-235 and U-238 (uranium) are the only naturally occurring isotopes beyond bismuth that are relatively stable over the current lifespan of the universe. Bismuth was found to be unstable in 2003, with an α-emission half-life of 1.9×1019 years for Bi-209. All other isotopes beyond bismuth are relatively or very unstable. So the main periodic table ends there (by geographical analogy, the shore edge of a continent; a continental shelf continues however, with shallows beginning at radium that rapidly drop off again after californium, with significant islands at thorium and uranium, as well as minor ones at e.g. plutonium, all of which is surrounded by a "sea of instability", which renders such elements as astatine, radon, and francium extremely short-lived relative to all but the heaviest elements found so far.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_stability
Americium
nýheimsblý: ("New-world"-lead). The addition bly is used to position postplumbic elements. The longest-lived isotope Am-243, as an alpha-emitter ends up as Pb-207.
Curium
1) hjónamálmur: the "married couple" metal. Curium was named after Pierre and Marie Curie and is the only element named after a couple. The curies are also the most well-known couple in the history of science.
2) maríubirkli: The first element maríu- refers to Marie Curie and the second -birkli is a reduced form of birkilblý, birkilefni (which is in its turn a reduction birkilóarblý, birkilóarefni, berkelium, the next element after curium), see Berkelium.
Berkelium
1) birkilóarblý, birkilóarefni (This artificially made transuranium element was named after Berkeley, which means 'Birch-tree wood or clearing', from the Old English beorc and leah, the Icelandic equivalents of which are björk (bjark- , bjarkar-, birki- in compounds) and 'ló': 'Birkiló'.
2) birkilefni, birkli: But why not reduce the construction birkilóar- to birki- or maybe even better, birkil-, like berkel- in berkelium? The term berkelium was composed of berkel- (from Berkeley) by dropping the final consonant -ey in ley, with addition of the elemental suffix -ium. In the same way, we could omit the final ó in -ló and use birkil- as a terminological building block. This is hardly to be called a corruption knwoing that many English toponyms ending in -ley, -leigh, -ly underwent a similar change.
Crowle (Worchestershire) pronounced: [koul], derived from Crohlea. ‘Woodland clearing by the nook or corner’, Old English cróh (nook of land) + léah (clearing, Icelandic ló).
Keevil (Wiltshire), pronounced: ['ki:v(i)l], derived from Chivele (1086, Domesday Book), probably derived from Old English cýf (hollow) + léah (clearing).
Other examples are: Marcle, Ocle, Scarle, Sporle, Worle. (See: Oxford dictionary of English place-names).
Judging from these examples, the toponym Berkeley could have easily evolved into something like "Berkle".
The even shorter form birkli (from birkil-) could serve well as a second element in Icelandic names of other transuranium elements, neighbouring berkelium, like maríubirkli (curium, the element preceding berkelium). The transuranium elements from Neptunium (93) to seaborgium (106) were synthesized at Berkeley, before some of the lightest among them were discovered in nature. There's no reason why all transuranium elements, even those beyond seaborgium (Icel. birkilþungsteinn) couldn't be denoted by the collective term Birklingar, even the ones after Seaborgium. From a historical point of view, this collective term is perfectly justifiable.
Californium
1) nýbirkilefni, nýbirkilmálmur, nýbirkli (new berkelian metal, neoberkelium). Californium (Cf nr. 98) was synthesized in 1950, a year after berkelium (Bk nr. 97) and two years before einsteinium (Es nr.99). Of all elements, only two were named after California and a place in California, Berkeley: Berkelium and its slightly heavier immediate neighbour californium, so the name-giving birkilefni (Bk) - nýbirkilefni (Cf) should make sense. In the same way as the prefix neo- was used to construct "neon" to indicate that it was the second (or third?) noble gas that was discovered after argon, californium, the successor of berkelium in the discovery of transuranium elements, both synthezised in Berkeley, could easily be named neoberkelium: nýbirkli, nýbirkilmálmur. (Compare also neodymium, neoytterbium, the latter being a formerly proposed name for ytterbium)
2) hraðalgull, hreðli (the "gold" from the cyclotron, after names like cyclotronium or cyclonium, which were proposed before the name "californium" was choosen, (see http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=cf ).
The reason why I've chosen "gold" as the last element is the following: The discoverers named the new element after California and the University of California. The element directly above element 98 in the periodic table, dysprosium, has a name that simply means "hard to get at" so the researchers decided to set aside the informal naming convention. They added that "the best we can do is to point out [that] ... searchers (for gold) a century ago found it difficult to get to California (the "gold rush state")." See
http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=cf ). These are all reasons enough to use the word 'gold' to designate Californium in the figurative sense of "valuable and costly substance" as in the expression "black gold" for "oil". Californium is the "extremely expensive gold from the cyclotron" http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/294/whats-the-most-expensive-thing-in-the-world )
3) kalfyrni
Einsteinium
1) eybirkli, eyjarbirkilefni (island-berkelium, refers to the atol Bikini where Ivy Mike, the first hydrogen bomb was tested. Einsteinium was the most abundant of the two new elements found in the debris of the explosion, einsteinium and fermium, which were detected in the Berkeley labs)
2) albirti (i-shift of Albert (Einstein))
3) birkilhólmungur or hólmblý (holm-lead): The element discovered at berkeley which is the homolog of holmium (hólmefni, hólmungur).
4) sprengjubirkli ("bomb-berkelium, sprengja (bomb) + birkli, short form of birkilefni, berkelium)
The first hydrogen bomb was detonated on an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. In Berkeley, two new elements, einsteinium and fermium, were discovered from the fall-out of the explosion. The discovery of fermium (element 100) required more material, as the yield was expected to be at least an order of magnitude lower than that of element 99, einsteinium. So einsteinium was the most abundant of the two and deserves the name "atoll-berkelium", which should be sufficiently transparent a designation, because the only way a transuranium element like einsteinium can end up on an atoll is through a (thermo)nuclear explosion. For the second element "-birkli", see berkelium.
Fermium
1) birklund (birkil- in birkilefni (berkelium), the element was discovered in Berkeley from the debris of the first hydrogen bomb) + -und (suffix denoting hundred, as in þúsund (thousand, from þús-hundrað), which is the atomic number of Fermium. It is the hundredth element. The ending -und is not only found in þúsund but also occurs in Mainland Scandinavian toponyms like Fjaðrundaland, Áttundaland.
A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm's Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer's misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i.e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Iceland (An Icelandic-English Dictionary by Cleasby/Vigfusson (1874) )
2) einreksblý (element named after Enrico Fermi. The men's name Enrico is an Italian form of the German Heinrich, the Icelandic equivalent of which is Heinrekur, not Hinrik (see Íslensk Orðsifjabók). When "H" of Heinrekur is omitted, like in the Italian name, the result is "Einrekur", which sounds as a genuine Icelandic word. The initial Ein-, despite its being a corruption of "Hein-" is phoneticly identical to the prefix Ein- in Icelandic personal names (Einar, Eindís, Einbjörg,...)
Mendelevium
Tílisblý, tílisbirkli (= Thule-berkelium; composed of Tíli, Thule, refering to the element thulium, Mendelevium's homologuous brother in the lanthaide series and -birkli, from birkil- (equivalent of berkel- in berkelium (birkilefni, birkli), derived from the toponym Berkeley (= birch-clearing, the Icelandic translation of which is Birkiló)
Nobelium
1) nýbýlisefni, nýbýlisblý (Alfred Nobel may have his roots in Skåne, more precisely in Nöbbelöv (The addition -löv (Icel. -leif) is actually a corruption, the true form, which is the Scanian one is Nyböle (lit. "New settlement", Icelandic Nýbýli). His ancestor was a peasant by the name of Pedersson (-sen?). When one of his sons moved to Uppsala he couldn’t have such a simple name. He changed it by Latinising his home parish name to Nobelius. Later generations had it again changed to Nobel. the Icelandic name of Alfred Nobel is Elfráður Nýbýlis.
see http://extremeicelandic.blogspot.be/2012/02/nobel-family-icelandicizes-as.html
2) elfráðsblý (Alfred-lead)
3) birkilkelki (= Berkelian calcium. For the prefix Birkil-, see Berkelium) The penultimate element and the element preceding the central element in a group of inner transition elements like lanthanides and actinides exhibit a stable bivalent state in which they resemble alkaline earth elements. Nobelium, the penultimate actinide, was made artificially in the Berkeley labs, hence the name "birkilkelki" (berkelian calcium). Nobelium has, analoguous to its homologue in the lanthanide series, ytterbium, a stable II+ state, in which it resembles an element from the calcium-group, the earth-alkaline metals. The term "kelki" is the i-shifted form of "kalk" and is used for the element calcium.)
Lawrencium:
1) lafransblý: An artificially made chemical element, named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. The surname Lawrence originates from 'Laurentius', the original Icelandic form of which is Lafrans (as in Lafransmessa). All elements after lead can be named with compounds of which the second element is 'blý'.
2) lúskabirkli: Lawrencium is the homologue of Lutetium in the lanthanide series, which was called after the Gaul equivalent of Paris, Lutetia. I used the more adapted derivation lúskur or lúteskur for "lutetian" instead of Lútetískur. Lúskur still begins with the same two characters as the chemical symbol of lutetium Lu. Lawrencium is the "Lutetian berkelium", as it was synthesized at the Berkeley labs.
2) lokaþórbirklingur: "the latter thorberkelian", loka (final) + þórbirklingur (lit. thorberkelian, actinide, see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/11/actinides-orbirklingar.html
1) maríublý,
Polonium is situated just two places to the right of lead (blý) and most of its exceedingly radioactive isotopes represent one of the last stages in the three major decay-chains that end up with lead-isotopes. This makes blý an appropriate choice for a second element in a compound. As for the first part: because the element was discovered by Marie Curie, who named it after her country Poland, it would be appropriate to name it after her.
2) Læsamálmur, Læsynjublý, Læsaefni, Læsablý: The first part of this compound is an Old Icelandic name for the Polish people: Læsir (masculin plural of Læsur). The Íslensk orðsifjabók mentions:
3 Læsir, †Lḝsir, Lesir k.ft. † pólskur þjóðflokkur við Vislu, Ljachar, sbr. frúss ljachy 'Pólverjar', lith. lénkas og fpól. lęchь (s.m.) sem er samdráttarmynd (með smækkunarviðsk. -ch) < lędĕninь af lędo 'nýtt land, óbrotið land', eiginl. 'nýlendingar'. Sk. land
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, which is situated at the Vistula River, so Læsur applies to her, Læsynja, the feminine form of Læsur is even more specific: Læsynjumálmur, Læsynjublý (metal, lead of the Polish woman)
In the early 11th century, Scandinavians referred to the Polish tribe of Polans in the region of Gniezno as Laesar. (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendians and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(western)
Note that the typically Polish name Lech, which is the first name of the former Polish president Lech Walęnsa, happens to have an Icelandic variant!
The term Lechitic is related to the name of the legendary Polish forefather Lech and the name Lechia by which Poland was formerly sometimes known. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechitic_languages
The orðsifjabók also mentions Læsir as a masculine personal name, which is identical to Lech, so Icelandic actually has a form of its own for this typically Polish name: Læsir Valensa (Lech Walęsa, in which the normally nasal sound ę is colloquially pronounced as 'en', so I adapted it to Icelandic as 'en'.
1) Læsir, †Lęsir k. † karlmannsnafn (í fornaldars.) Vísast tengt þjóðflokksheitinu Læsir (3) Íslensk orðsifjabók (see above)
3) púlín, púlínablý, púlínamálmur
If the word has to be constructed in the same style as most other names, where the ending -ium is replaced by -ín (natrín, kalín, kalsín, why not calling polonium PÚLÍN, instead of 'pólon', after the oldest Icelandic form Púlínaland, mentioned in the Þiðreks saga af Bern: En er Vilkinus konungr hefir stýrt þessu ríki um stund, þá býr hann her sinn ok ríðr með ótal riddara ok annarra hermanna út í Púlínaland ok á þar margar orrostur ok stórar bæði.
astatine
1) valtsöltungur, valtselti, stundarselti (the unstable halogen)
2) birkilselti, birkilþengi ("Berkelian" halogen, "Berkelian" iodine, the halogene synthesized and characterized in Berkeley. For the explanation about the derivations birkil-, -birkli, Birkiló see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/polonium-mariubly-pulinamalmur-ok-that.html (under Berkelium)
3) skildilbirkli (literally "thyroberkeline", Astatine, similarly to its stable and lighter brother iodine will, most characteristicly, accumulate in the thyroid gland. The authors of the iðorðasafn lækna were apparently satisfied with stem-compound constructions with the monosyllabic skjald- (stem of skjöldur, shield), instead of dissyllabic constructions with skildil- (skildill, thyroid gland) in terms refering to the thyoid gland: e.g. skjaldeitrunar- (thyrotoxic), skjaldsarpur (thyroid crisis). So we can use skjald- as the first element in an Icelandic compound-name for astatine.
Although astatine occurs in nature in extremely small amounts, the elusive halogen was first characterized after its creation by bombardement of bismuth with alpha particles in the Berkeley labs. In English terminology berkeline would have been equally valid a name for this element because only halogens have the -ine ending and only astatine was made at the Berkeley labs. For that reason -birkli can be used as second element. It is a neuter noun I use as a suffix in some names of elements syntesized in Berkeley, e.g. berkelium, birkilbly, birkli and Curium, maríubirkli (marie-berkelium), the element preceding berkelium and named after Marie and Pierre Curie. The resulting compound skjaldbirkli, would, literally translated into English be something like THYROBERKELINE (thyro- (suffix refering to the thyroid gland) + berkel- (from Berkeley, as in Berkel-ium) + -ine (the suffix used in names for halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine). For the explanation about the derivations birkil-, -birkli, Birkiló see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/polonium-mariubly-pulinamalmur-ok-that.html (under Berkelium)
4) óst (from óstöðugur, meaning "unstable". This adjective is, as luck would have it, etymologically related and still sound-similar to its Greek equivalent άστατος (astatos).)
Radon
1) geislaloft (Mentioned in the iðorðasafn lækna (English - Icelandic medical terminology) as the equivalent of "emanation", which is actually the obsolete name for this noble gas.
þórsloft = thoron
þórálsloft, hnossarloft = actinon
maríuloft, þrúðarloft = radon)
2) útloft (lit. "ultron", "exogas", "exon")
3) blyfti ("plumbon", "lead-heavy air", a contraction of blý (lead) and lyfti (i-shift of loft, which exists, unfortunately already as a name for nitrogen, but it has failed as a neologism in favour of nitur, so doesn't have to be a deal-breaker). Blyfti is a kind of "terminologically reductionist short-cut" of blýþungt loft (lead-heavy air).
Francium
stundarmálmur (The element's most stable isotope has a half-life of no more than 22 minutes, that means that one eighth part of it is still there after an hour, so the compound stundarmálmur, with the first part "stund", interpreted in an additional sense of "klukkustund" (hour), is applicable in this case.)
Radium
1) maríuglóð
Radium was discovered by Marie Curie (maríu-) and is so intensely radioactive that it glows in the dark (-glóð). In English, the literally translated equivalent of this neologism would be "mariglow" (constructed like "marigold").
2) þrúðarblý, þrúðarmálmur, þrýði
The daughter of Þór was called Þrúður (equivalent with -trude in the German name Gertrude) and all direct "daughter products" of thorium are "radium isotopes". Imagine the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius being abducted by time-travellers, who enabled him to make acquantance with the Curies and their discovery 50 years after his death, is it unthinkable that he would have advised the couple to baptize the newbie "trudium" to retain the connection with his thorium? Quite a few element were named after mythological characters: think of vanadium, titanium, tantalum, tellurium or niobium. This way of name-giving is completely in line with historical terminology trends with regard to the discovery of elements.
The names for radium I propose are: þrúðarblý, þrúðarmálmur or even þrúðarefni. We can even create an i-shift of this feminine personal name: þrýði (compare vatn -vetni (H), eldur -ildi (O), loft -lyfti (N)). This would be a very short and flexible name and has the same lenght as the existing radín, there are no connotations, it doesn't yet exist as an entry in the ritmálssafn orðabókar háskólans. The i-shift exists only in the obsolete personal name Þrý(ð)rekr (Íslensk orðsifjabók).
3) þórkelki (lit. "thorian calcium", a name composed of two positioning markers that position the element crosswise: þór- is the periodical positioning prefix, which situates radium (nr. 88) in the neighbourhood of thorium (nr. 90), while -kelki (calcium, an i-shift of kalk, "limestone") places the element in the group of earth alkaline metals. The neologism 'kelki' (calcium) is an i-shift derivation of 'kalk' , like vetni (hydrogen) is derived from vatn or ildi (oxygen) from eldur (fire). I wasn't sure whether the construction would sound OK in Icelandic ears. Maybe it could lead to inconvenient connotations with derivations from the verb kelkja: þrákelkinn, kelkingur, ect. Fortunately, I found a reassuring example in the iðorðasafn lækna (Icelandic medical terminology list): kelkill, a shorter synonym for kalkkirtill ("parathyroid gland", the gland that regulates calcium metabolism). If "kelkill" is acceptable in the eyes of Icelandic neologists, then there shouldn't be a problem with "kelki" for "calcium".
Note that the radium that was found by the Curies was mostly Ra-226, the most stable isotope, which is a daughter-product of Ionium or Thorium-230 (bikþór, see thorium), which ultimately goes back to the parent isotope U-238, the most abundant source of which is uraninite or pitch-blende. So bikþrýði "pitch-trudium" specifically designates Ra-226.
Actinides
Þórbirklingar (thorberkelians)
The first element Þor (þór-) refers to Thorium, which is the most abundant of the natural actinides, three times more abundant than uranium, in the same way as Cerium, its homolog in the lanthanide series is the most abundant of the lanthanides. that's why the first 7 lanthanides, including lanthanum, are called "ceroids". "Þór-" as a first element in a collective name for the actinides refers to the first naturally occuring actinides.
The transuranium actinides, from Neptunium to lawrencium were discovered in Berkeley labs. Neptunium and plutonium were later discovered in nature but the transplutonium elements were all synthesized at Berkeley. This place-name most easily translates as Birkiló (Birch-clearing) and birkil- can be used in constructions like birkilefni (compare berkel-ium) or nýbirkilefni, nýbirkli (californium), maríubirkli (Mary's berkelium, curium). The second element in the name for the actinides, representing the transplutonium elements is -birklingar. This sounds like the collective family name derived from a man called "Bjarki Þór", so it sounds truly Icelandic.
Actinium
1) útþribblingur: Scandium = þribbill (first element of group 3B, þrír (three) + BB +-ill (in a diminutive because it is the lightest member), the þribblingar stands for the elements in group 3B, the Scandoids, if you like), so finally útþribblingur (út = outer, exo- + þribblingur (member of group 3B stand for actinium)
2) þórál
The "aluminium" next to thorium' (Aluminium can used here in the sense of "trivalent chemical element" for all element in the groups 3A and 3B, because it happens to be the primordial and most abundant trivalent metallic element in the universe and the first of its kind (boron is not a metal) on the periodic table. The first element 'þór-' refers to its closest actinide brother situated right next to it on the periodic table, the relatively superstable thorium.
3) hnossarblý
Protactinium has a stable V+ oxidantion state and is therefore a "pseudohomologue" of elements of the Vanadium group. It is the periodic table's first and probably last "pseudovanadoid". This means that freyjublý (blý) (from freyjujárn, vanadium) can be used to denote its position). The daughter of the godess Freyja was called Hnoss, so hnossarblý becomes the name for Actinium.
Thorium
1) þórefni, þórblý
2) eyblý, eyjublý (island-lead): This term is, firstly, founded upon the fact that thorium was discovered in a sample that originated from the Norwegian island Løvøy (Icel. Laufey), see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8v%C3%B8ya,_Telemark and secondly and maybe more importantly, the fact of thorium being the most stable and consequently most abundant element of the two only islands of nuclear stability beyond lead and bismuth: thorium (eyjublý) and uranium (úteyjublý). Plutonium is útskersblý (útsker = outer sea-rock).
3) Norðblý (= Norwegian lead. The only postplumbic element that is named after something Scandinavian)
Ionium or thorium-230
bikþórblý (pitch-thorlead) or simply bikþór (holtaþór is an Old Icelandic name for quartz, so why can't names of metals or stones end simply in -þór, something that is also commonly seen in Icelandic personal names like Hafþór, Álfþór,...)
Thorium-230 is formed as a decay product of Th-234, which is in its turn a daughter-product of U-238. so it found in pitch-blende (here expressed by the marker bik-, from bikblendi), while thorium's most abundant isotope Th-232 is not. So bikþór (pitch-thor) is the name for this isotope. See also radium.
Proactinium
1) eyjasundsblý (eyjasund means "sea-strait between islands" and occurs thrice in the Old Icelandic dictionary:
Eyjasund, n. a sound or narrow strait between two islands, Egils saga. 93, Formanna sögur ii.64, 298. (Cleasby, Vígfússon, Craigie, An Icelandic-English Dictionary)
The term "eyjasundsblý" refers to the position of the unstable and relatively very underabundant protactinium, sandwiched between the only two island-elements in the postplumbic (after lead) "sea of instability": thorium and uranium, the half-lives of which are sufficiently long for them to have survived the gigayears of geological time and to be still present in nature in significant quantities. The last element blý is used in reference to the position of protactinium after lead and also to the fact Pa-231, which constitutes almost 100% of all crustal protactinium, ultimately end up as the lead isotope Pb-207.
If you compare the periodic system with landmasses as is done in superheavy element chemistry (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_stability (see paragraph "island of relative stability"), protactinium represents the sea-strait between the only two postplumbic islands of stability, thorium and uranium. Strictly spoken, eyjasundsblý is more robust in its correctness than the name protactinium itself, because not all protactinium-isotopes decay into actinium. It's somewhat similar to naming helium "alphium" after the overabundant He-4 isotope, while ignoring the existence of trialphium or He-3. Eyjusundsblý doesn't have flaws. The name is founded upon the fact that protactinium will always remain, astro- and geochemically, the ONLY element that constitutes the ONLY "sea-strait of instability". an additioonal bonus is the fact that "eyjasund" is a lexical artefact from the Old Icelandic literature occuring in the Egilssaga and the Formannasögur.
A last point: One may ask: And what about neptunium, which is situated between uranium and plutonium. The latter can still to be found in very small trace-quantities in nature. Doesn't that make neptunium qualify as a "sea-strait" between relatively stable islands in the same way as protactinium between thorium and uranium? No, actually not. A term like eyjasundsblý for neptunium would be like naming the water between the Icelandic island Grímsey and the tiny sea-rock further up north, a sea-strait. For non-icelanders: would it be practical to call the space between Ireland and the tiny westernmost sea-rock Rockall, a sea strait? No, from a geographer's viewpoint, the water north of Grímsey or north-west of Ireland is "open sea", with of course small islands, like St-Kilda or sea-rocks, like Rockall or in the case of Iceland, Kolbeinsey. But calling the space between two landmasses, that differ more than a 100,000-fold in size, a strait, seems to me too far a fetch, impractical and actually, from a geographer's standpoint, irrelevant. And this is exactly the situation of Plutonium in the postplumbic sea of instability with regards to the nuclear stability of its isotopes and the extrapolating effect of this on their abundances. Plutonium is like the small sea-rock Rockall in proportion to the islands England and Ireland (thorium and uranium respectively) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockall. Europe could be regarded as the elemental continent ending at bismuth (Cape Griz Nez near Calais http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Gris_Nez . But the straight of Dover had better been a few thousand kilometres wider to suit this comparison, but you see what I mean. The term útskersblý (outer + sea-rock +lead) would therefore make a nice term for plutonium. So there's no reason to think of neptunium as a sea-straight. That honour exclusively goes to protactinium.
.
(proto- (for-) + þórál (actinium, "thor-aluminium", the element in the immediate neighbourhood of thorium, which is chemically the closest in its properties to aluminium), because the longest-lived protactinium isotope desintegrates into an isotope of actinium).
3) freyjublý, vanynjublý (waness' lead), vanskablý (wanish lead)
Protactinium has a stable V+ oxidantion state and is therefore a "pseudohomologue" of elements of the Vanadium group, designated with the marker Freyju- (Vanadís). It is true that there is no reference to the pseudohomolgue nature, but the addition of -blý (lead), which is used as a positioning marker of elements from lead to the higher region of the actinide series, excludes tantalum or seaborgium.
4) sýndarsúrjarðarmálmur, sýndarsúrjörðungur (pseudo acidic-earth-metal), súrjarðarái ("acidic earth forefather", refering to its position as a "vice parent isotope", successing U-235, in the actinium decay chain), súrjarðarþórsblý (acidic earth thor-lead, thorium),
This is another avenue of thought in the translation of protactinium: sýndar- "pseudo-" + súrjarðar "acidic earth", which is coined after the old German term erdsäuren or säure erden, which specifically designated the pronounced acidic mineral oxides of the members of the Vanadium group, V, Nb and Ta, see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erds%C3%A4uren
Protactinium is the only element that is pseudohomologuous with elements of the vanadium group in possessing a stable V+ oxidation state. Protactinium's brother in the lanthanide series, praseodymium, doesn't have this V+ state.
Uranium
1) úteyjablý ("útblý" would be erroneous in its insufficiency, for it can as well denote bismuth, at the shore of the "sea of nuclear instability". The first part úteyju means " of the outer islands", which refer to U-235 and U-238). The second part -blý incdicates its position after lead and that after a long time the element will end up as "lead".
The first part in "úteyja-", út (outer, outlying), refers to the fact that the predominant uranium isotopes U-235 and U-238, represent the last significant "isotopal islands" of stability. The primordial Pu-244 (útskerssamsætan, the "outskerry" isotope) with its half-life of 80 million years just managed to survive the onslaught of geological time enough to still be around in very small trace amounts, so Plutonium hardly qualifies as an "ISLAND of stability", it should rather be regarded as an "útsker" (outskerry) like Kolbeinsey, north of Iceland or Rockall in the Atlantic.
2) fenrisblý: The reason hy I think this is the best option:
a) Fenrir in the compound fenrismálmur (fenrismetal) somewhat refers to the pseudohomologous and hexavalent "wolfram", the element named after the voracity of wolfram ore in the smelter, where it devoured tin. Fenrir is the biggest of all wolfs like uranium is the heaviest of the sufficiently stable elements after lead that allows them to still be existent in the earth's crust in significant quantities after 5 gigayears of geological time. The substance used for uranium enrichment to produce the first nuclear weapon back in 1945 was the corrosive, wolvishly voracious UF6 uranium hexafluoride in which uranium is hexavalent, the typical "wolfram" oxidation state!
b) the second element blý situates the element beyond lead, which it will ultimately turn into after billions of years of slow decay
c) Fenrir was the "doomsday wolf" of Nordic mythology and the first real doomsday-weapon in modern times was the uranium-235 bomb on Hiroshima. General Douglas McArtur used the word "doomsday" in reference to future warfare after Japan had surrendered. In the same way as wolf Fenris lied chained until he broke free from his fetter at the "end of days", uranium had been locked, chemically bonded by oxygen in pitchblende for aeons until mankind freed it from its ore to unleash it hidden, apocalyptic powers. This is why a confusion with plutonium is impossible in this case. Uranium lied hidden in substantial quantities and all plutonium (e.g. for the Nagasaki bomb) was created by neutron bombardement of U-238. Plutonium in nature isn't found in sufficient quantities to be sufficiently exploited. That's why fenrisblý applies to uranium and not to plutonium.
d) Fenrir was fettered on the island lyngvi (U-235 is the fissionable of the three isotopal "islands of stability" after lead and bismuth).
d) Fenrir was fettered on the island lyngvi (U-235 is the fissionable of the three isotopal "islands of stability" after lead and bismuth).
e) Fenrir or his sons (this is disputed) swallowed the sun which created total "pitchblende-black" darkness (could be seen as a reference to a nuclear winter, as the darkness after a nuclear war is called)
We can create two different compounds here: Fenrismálmur (blý isn't required here as the last element because most infomation is packed into the first element: doomsday (first hiroshima bomb, the swallowing of the sun (nuclear winter)), wolvishness (link with pseudohomolog wolfram, the wolvishness of wolfram lies in the fact that UF6, the compound used to purify U235 for the first atom bomb, was hard to handle and devoured everything in its way) and úlfblý is a shorter way of expressing the idea, but here we need -blý as the second element.
We can create two different compounds here: Fenrismálmur (blý isn't required here as the last element because most infomation is packed into the first element: doomsday (first hiroshima bomb, the swallowing of the sun (nuclear winter)), wolvishness (link with pseudohomolog wolfram, the wolvishness of wolfram lies in the fact that UF6, the compound used to purify U235 for the first atom bomb, was hard to handle and devoured everything in its way) and úlfblý is a shorter way of expressing the idea, but here we need -blý as the second element.
3) þórþungsteinn (thor-tungsten, thor-wolfram)
The peculiar arrangement of the first 5 actinides in some older representations of the periodic table with a shifted position with respect to the other actinides reflects the fact that, owing to a large delocalization of their 5f orbitals, the 5f electrons take part in their chemistry, a feature that is much less pronounced in the 4f series of the lanthanides. This makes Th a pseudohomolog of the group 4 elements Zr and Hf, Pa a pseudohomolog of the group 5 elements Nb and Ta, and, to a lesser extent U (Uranium) a pseudohomolog of W (Tungsten). The more uniform actinide behavior is found only with the latter half of the actinide elements beginning with Am (americium). Because of this chemical similarity between uranium (U) and tungsten (W), I decided to call the first “þórþungsteinn” (þór- referring to uranium’s proximity to thorium (þórblý, thurslead), its much more abundant and sole relatively stable actinide relative. The second part þungsteinn reflect the pseudohomologous similarity to tungsten (W).
Despite of the PSEUDOhomologuous nature, I don't think it's inappropriate to make use "tungsten" in the creation of a native Icelandic name for uranium. Old names of metals that exist since the invention of metallurgy, like tin, silver, gold, are sometimes used in compound to denote elements with even very different chemical properties. Names like "astin" (ash-tin), a synonym of bismut in Dutch in which the second element "tin" only refers to the metal's lustre, or "white-gold" (hvítagull) for platinum, which is chemcally less homologous with gold than uranium is with tungsten. "thurstungsten" (Thurs- from Thursday, Thor's day) only refer to an element near Thorium that, albeit pseudohomologeously, displays chemical properties similar to tungsten.
4) áablý, áamálmur
The only way to coin native names for elements higher than lead and bismuth is to make use of "blý" (lead) as a terminological positioning marker on the periodic table. Most isotopes of elements heavier than lead and bismuth are radioactive and will eventually (provided they don't desintegrate through the process of spontaneous fission, which exceeds alpha-decay as the predominant mode of fission in transcalifornium elements) end up as "lead-isotopes". This is another reason to use 'lead' (blý) as a second element in compounds, apart from its utility as a positioning marker for transplumbic elements.
The only two elements, heavier than lead and bismuth, that have isotopes sufficiently stable to have been able to survive geological timescales are Thorium (Th, þórsblý), specifically its isotope Th-232 and Uranium (U-235 and U- 238). My first though was to first use the collective term paleoplumbum (Icelandic: frumblý) to designate these three isotopes and then to further differentiate between the elements themselves by means of a prefix. The problem with paleoplumbum, unfortunately, is its suggesting that all the lead in the universe results from radioactive decay, which is not the case. The largest proportion of the lead wasn't enriched further into heavier elements in the neutron absorption process in supernovae due to the enormous stability and neutron-absorption-resistent nature of some lead nuclei. For that reason, I choose áably (ái (great-grand father, forefather, progenitor) + blý (lead)). These words only refer to the heavier elements that decay into lead and doesn't say anything about the different origins of the lead in the universe.
Now, in strict sense, áablý or eddublý refers to the three existing parent isotopes Th-232, U-235 and U-238, but I decided to use áablý exclusively for uranium. The reason for this is because Uranium was named after the planet Uranus, which in its turn was named after the original forefather of the Greek Gods, the "ái" of the Olympians, comparable to Buri, Odin's grandfather and progenitor of all gods in Scandinavian mythology. The god Thor, after whom the element thorium was named, didn't possess this ability of being a "theoprogenitor" (áaguð, áaguðsstjarna (planet Uranus)). The second and third reason is because uranium is the heaviest of both elements and posseses two of the three parent isotopes.
5) frumguðsblý: The metal was named after the Planet Uranus, which was in it's turn named after the forefather of all olympian gods, the theoprogenitor Uranus: frumguðsstajrna (the "theoprogenitor star", the planet uranus), frumguðsblý ("theoprogenitor lead", uranium). There are many theoprogenitors in different mythologies, but all planets are called after Greek and Roman Deities there is only one star and undirectly one element that actually bear the name of a "primordial god", so we don't have to specify here. The prefix frumguðs- (theoprogenitor) can perfectly replace "uranus" in these cases. The inclusion of "stjarna" (star) is not obligatory, also because frumguðsstajrnablý would be too long. All references to Uranus, being it to a god or a star could be made by using frumguðs-. Some mention Aether or Chaos as the father of Uranus, but most Greeks considered Uranus to be primordial and gave him no parentage. (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology) under the paragraph "genealogy".
6) bikmálmur
The word "pitchblende" is also called uranpecherz in German, but in Dutch the word "pekerts" also exists. In Czech, it is named smolinec, derived from "smola" (pitch, tar), which again doesn't contain the word "blende". Any mineralogist will point to uraninite when you talk about the "pitch-ore", so we don't have to make use of "blende" when creating a native name for uranium.
So how do we form the Icelandic name then? First we translate "pitch-ore": bik (pitch) + málmgrýti (málmur (metal) + grýti (mineral)): bikmálmgrýti, from which we can derive "bikmálmur" (pitch-metal).
7) dulkraftsblý (dulkraftur (hidden power) + blý (lead))
Hvernig skal kenna úlfblý? Svo að kalla því úteyjublý, fenrismálmur, jaðarylfi, þórþungsteinn, bikmálmur, dulkraftsblý og líka áablý eða frumguðsblý.
Neptunium
1) A name based upon the name of neptunium's homolog promethium in the lanthanide series
a) eldþjófsblý: The name of uranium's periodical successor could be founded upon the Icelandic name of its lighter lanthanide brother promethium (eldþjòfsmálmur) see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/08/rare-earth-elements-hulismalmar.html The last element -blý ositiones the element after lead: eldþjófsblý (fire-thief-lead)
This way of creating names of actinides isn't uncommon. compare: europium - americium/ gadolinium - curium.
b) þeif(s)blý: "-þeifur" is an abbreviation of Prómeþeifur which sounds like "þjófur". This is no more a morphological mutilation of a word than the element names erbium, terbium or yttrium, which are element names generated from decapitated left-overs of the Swedish place-name Ytterby.
c) birkilþeifi (Neptunium was discovered at Berkeley (Icel. Birkiló, Birkil- (like Berkel- in Berkelium)) + þeifi (neuter form of -þeifur (from Promeþeifur (Prometheus), after which neptunium's homolog in the lanthanide series was called). "Birkilþeifi" (Berkelian promethium) emphasizes that Neptunium was discovered at the Berkeley labs instead of the Oak Ridge labs, where promethium was found.
2) A name based upon the name of Nordic equivalents of the Roman sea-god's: Ægir and
Njörður
Ægisefni, ægisblý/ njarðarblý, njarðblý (Ægir/ Njörð are the Nordic equivalents of the Roman sea-god Neptune.)
Plutonium
1) sjögervisblý, flókinmálmur (Plutonium is an actinide element located at the transition where the 5f electrons go from being delocalized to localized, which makes it one of the most complex materials known. It has as many as seven allotropic (Icelandic: fjölgervi) forms, which means that it exists in seven different forms.
I like this word because "seven" is the magic number of fairy tales and "hell" which is associated with "plutonium" (see next term) has been depicted as having "seven gates".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium (See under: electronic structure)
See http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2002/nov/20/plutonium-is-also-a-superconductor
http://www.lanl.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2012/May/05.21-plutonium-fingerprinted.php
2) heljarblý (Because it is often refered to as "the infernal element". http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/243165?view=synopsis I choose a compound with -blý, used for elements heavier than lead of which the majority of their isotopes decays into lead-iostopes.)
3) kleyfagull (lit. "the fissile gold", from adj. kleyfur (fissile) + gull (= gold, in the sense of valuable substance, as in the expression "black gold" (petroleum). Plutonium has been the most important element in nuclear industry. Uranium was known before the nuclear era and it would therefore be somewhat "terminologically anachronistic" to call it explicitely after its later discovered nuclear properties, while plutonium was the first elemental fruit, if we may call it so, of the "nuclear era".
4) útskersblý, útskersefni: Plutonium is the outer sea-rock, the "Rockall" or "Kolbeinsey" of the postplumbic "sea of instability", in comparison to which Ireland compares to uranium, Great Britain to Thorium and the European mainland to the continent of stable elements which end at bismuth-209, which could be compared to Cape Griz Nez in France at the strait of Dover, and this is a bit unfortunate because the "mainland of nuclear stability" and the first large island thorium is no narrow strait, there are 6 elements between bismuth and thorium, so here the comparison is flawed, but you'll understand the point I want to make. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockall
Útskersblý means "outer sea-rock lead" and refers to the element's outermost position on the periodic table as a "naturally occuring" element. At the same time if refers to its very low abundance, in comparison with thorium and uranium, which are like the British Islands in comparison.
This, again, is another example of terminology founded upon the geographical presentation of postplumbic elements. In physics it is called "sea of instability”, which starts at bismuth, the "fore-shore element" (fjörublý), because it is now known that bismuth-209 is radioactive, but its half-life is a billion times longer than the age of the universe. For that reason it is comparable to what Icelanders call fjara, which translates as "fore-shore" or the part of the beach between the ebb- and the floodline. Personally I disfavour a term like this in the case of bismuth because it would constitute a terminological anachronism. The metal was known long before the almost infinitely small instability of its predominant isotope Bi-209was established. Alternatively naming Francium djúpálefni ("deap-sea trench element") is in this respect more appropriate because the knowledge about radioactive elements at the time of francium's discovery was sufficient for this term to be conceived. Francium is the most unstable of the first 106 elements and when its low atomic number is taken into account, it is the most unstable element that will ever exist, therefore djúpálefni. Thorium and uranium could respectively be referred to as eyjublý (island-lead, not only because it constitutes the most important island of stability on the periodic table but also due to the fact that thorium was discovered in a sample that originated from the Norwegian island Løvøy (Icel. Laufey), see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8v%C3%B8ya,_Telemark ) and of course úteyjublý (outer island lead) for uranium. But again, these two latter terms are founded upon knowlegde generated long after the discovery of these two elements. The name eyjusundsblý for protactinium, the element between the two latter, on the other hand, is fabulous and in line with the knowledge that existed at the time it was discovered. And of course útskersblý for plutonium is doable.
Th-232 (thorium), U-235 and U-238 (uranium) are the only naturally occurring isotopes beyond bismuth that are relatively stable over the current lifespan of the universe. Bismuth was found to be unstable in 2003, with an α-emission half-life of 1.9×1019 years for Bi-209. All other isotopes beyond bismuth are relatively or very unstable. So the main periodic table ends there (by geographical analogy, the shore edge of a continent; a continental shelf continues however, with shallows beginning at radium that rapidly drop off again after californium, with significant islands at thorium and uranium, as well as minor ones at e.g. plutonium, all of which is surrounded by a "sea of instability", which renders such elements as astatine, radon, and francium extremely short-lived relative to all but the heaviest elements found so far.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_stability
Og hvernig skal heljarblý kenna? Svo að kalla sjögervisblý eða flókinmálm og líka kleyfagull. Málmurinn er gert úr fenrisblýi
Americium
nýheimsblý: ("New-world"-lead). The addition bly is used to position postplumbic elements. The longest-lived isotope Am-243, as an alpha-emitter ends up as Pb-207.
Curium
1) hjónamálmur: the "married couple" metal. Curium was named after Pierre and Marie Curie and is the only element named after a couple. The curies are also the most well-known couple in the history of science.
2) maríubirkli: The first element maríu- refers to Marie Curie and the second -birkli is a reduced form of birkilblý, birkilefni (which is in its turn a reduction birkilóarblý, birkilóarefni, berkelium, the next element after curium), see Berkelium.
1) birkilóarblý, birkilóarefni (This artificially made transuranium element was named after Berkeley, which means 'Birch-tree wood or clearing', from the Old English beorc and leah, the Icelandic equivalents of which are björk (bjark- , bjarkar-, birki- in compounds) and 'ló': 'Birkiló'.
2) birkilefni, birkli: But why not reduce the construction birkilóar- to birki- or maybe even better, birkil-, like berkel- in berkelium? The term berkelium was composed of berkel- (from Berkeley) by dropping the final consonant -ey in ley, with addition of the elemental suffix -ium. In the same way, we could omit the final ó in -ló and use birkil- as a terminological building block. This is hardly to be called a corruption knwoing that many English toponyms ending in -ley, -leigh, -ly underwent a similar change.
Crowle (Worchestershire) pronounced: [koul], derived from Crohlea. ‘Woodland clearing by the nook or corner’, Old English cróh (nook of land) + léah (clearing, Icelandic ló).
Keevil (Wiltshire), pronounced: ['ki:v(i)l], derived from Chivele (1086, Domesday Book), probably derived from Old English cýf (hollow) + léah (clearing).
Other examples are: Marcle, Ocle, Scarle, Sporle, Worle. (See: Oxford dictionary of English place-names).
Judging from these examples, the toponym Berkeley could have easily evolved into something like "Berkle".
The even shorter form birkli (from birkil-) could serve well as a second element in Icelandic names of other transuranium elements, neighbouring berkelium, like maríubirkli (curium, the element preceding berkelium). The transuranium elements from Neptunium (93) to seaborgium (106) were synthesized at Berkeley, before some of the lightest among them were discovered in nature. There's no reason why all transuranium elements, even those beyond seaborgium (Icel. birkilþungsteinn) couldn't be denoted by the collective term Birklingar, even the ones after Seaborgium. From a historical point of view, this collective term is perfectly justifiable.
Californium
1) nýbirkilefni, nýbirkilmálmur, nýbirkli (new berkelian metal, neoberkelium). Californium (Cf nr. 98) was synthesized in 1950, a year after berkelium (Bk nr. 97) and two years before einsteinium (Es nr.99). Of all elements, only two were named after California and a place in California, Berkeley: Berkelium and its slightly heavier immediate neighbour californium, so the name-giving birkilefni (Bk) - nýbirkilefni (Cf) should make sense. In the same way as the prefix neo- was used to construct "neon" to indicate that it was the second (or third?) noble gas that was discovered after argon, californium, the successor of berkelium in the discovery of transuranium elements, both synthezised in Berkeley, could easily be named neoberkelium: nýbirkli, nýbirkilmálmur. (Compare also neodymium, neoytterbium, the latter being a formerly proposed name for ytterbium)
2) hraðalgull, hreðli (the "gold" from the cyclotron, after names like cyclotronium or cyclonium, which were proposed before the name "californium" was choosen, (see http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=cf ).
The reason why I've chosen "gold" as the last element is the following: The discoverers named the new element after California and the University of California. The element directly above element 98 in the periodic table, dysprosium, has a name that simply means "hard to get at" so the researchers decided to set aside the informal naming convention. They added that "the best we can do is to point out [that] ... searchers (for gold) a century ago found it difficult to get to California (the "gold rush state")." See
http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=cf ). These are all reasons enough to use the word 'gold' to designate Californium in the figurative sense of "valuable and costly substance" as in the expression "black gold" for "oil". Californium is the "extremely expensive gold from the cyclotron" http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/294/whats-the-most-expensive-thing-in-the-world )
3) kalfyrni
Einsteinium
1) eybirkli, eyjarbirkilefni (island-berkelium, refers to the atol Bikini where Ivy Mike, the first hydrogen bomb was tested. Einsteinium was the most abundant of the two new elements found in the debris of the explosion, einsteinium and fermium, which were detected in the Berkeley labs)
2) albirti (i-shift of Albert (Einstein))
3) birkilhólmungur or hólmblý (holm-lead): The element discovered at berkeley which is the homolog of holmium (hólmefni, hólmungur).
4) sprengjubirkli ("bomb-berkelium, sprengja (bomb) + birkli, short form of birkilefni, berkelium)
The first hydrogen bomb was detonated on an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. In Berkeley, two new elements, einsteinium and fermium, were discovered from the fall-out of the explosion. The discovery of fermium (element 100) required more material, as the yield was expected to be at least an order of magnitude lower than that of element 99, einsteinium. So einsteinium was the most abundant of the two and deserves the name "atoll-berkelium", which should be sufficiently transparent a designation, because the only way a transuranium element like einsteinium can end up on an atoll is through a (thermo)nuclear explosion. For the second element "-birkli", see berkelium.
Fermium
1) birklund (birkil- in birkilefni (berkelium), the element was discovered in Berkeley from the debris of the first hydrogen bomb) + -und (suffix denoting hundred, as in þúsund (thousand, from þús-hundrað), which is the atomic number of Fermium. It is the hundredth element. The ending -und is not only found in þúsund but also occurs in Mainland Scandinavian toponyms like Fjaðrundaland, Áttundaland.
A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm's Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer's misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i.e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Iceland (An Icelandic-English Dictionary by Cleasby/Vigfusson (1874) )
2) einreksblý (element named after Enrico Fermi. The men's name Enrico is an Italian form of the German Heinrich, the Icelandic equivalent of which is Heinrekur, not Hinrik (see Íslensk Orðsifjabók). When "H" of Heinrekur is omitted, like in the Italian name, the result is "Einrekur", which sounds as a genuine Icelandic word. The initial Ein-, despite its being a corruption of "Hein-" is phoneticly identical to the prefix Ein- in Icelandic personal names (Einar, Eindís, Einbjörg,...)
Mendelevium
Tílisblý, tílisbirkli (= Thule-berkelium; composed of Tíli, Thule, refering to the element thulium, Mendelevium's homologuous brother in the lanthaide series and -birkli, from birkil- (equivalent of berkel- in berkelium (birkilefni, birkli), derived from the toponym Berkeley (= birch-clearing, the Icelandic translation of which is Birkiló)
Nobelium
1) nýbýlisefni, nýbýlisblý (Alfred Nobel may have his roots in Skåne, more precisely in Nöbbelöv (The addition -löv (Icel. -leif) is actually a corruption, the true form, which is the Scanian one is Nyböle (lit. "New settlement", Icelandic Nýbýli). His ancestor was a peasant by the name of Pedersson (-sen?). When one of his sons moved to Uppsala he couldn’t have such a simple name. He changed it by Latinising his home parish name to Nobelius. Later generations had it again changed to Nobel. the Icelandic name of Alfred Nobel is Elfráður Nýbýlis.
see http://extremeicelandic.blogspot.be/2012/02/nobel-family-icelandicizes-as.html
2) elfráðsblý (Alfred-lead)
3) birkilkelki (= Berkelian calcium. For the prefix Birkil-, see Berkelium) The penultimate element and the element preceding the central element in a group of inner transition elements like lanthanides and actinides exhibit a stable bivalent state in which they resemble alkaline earth elements. Nobelium, the penultimate actinide, was made artificially in the Berkeley labs, hence the name "birkilkelki" (berkelian calcium). Nobelium has, analoguous to its homologue in the lanthanide series, ytterbium, a stable II+ state, in which it resembles an element from the calcium-group, the earth-alkaline metals. The term "kelki" is the i-shifted form of "kalk" and is used for the element calcium.)
Lawrencium:
1) lafransblý: An artificially made chemical element, named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. The surname Lawrence originates from 'Laurentius', the original Icelandic form of which is Lafrans (as in Lafransmessa). All elements after lead can be named with compounds of which the second element is 'blý'.
2) lúskabirkli: Lawrencium is the homologue of Lutetium in the lanthanide series, which was called after the Gaul equivalent of Paris, Lutetia. I used the more adapted derivation lúskur or lúteskur for "lutetian" instead of Lútetískur. Lúskur still begins with the same two characters as the chemical symbol of lutetium Lu. Lawrencium is the "Lutetian berkelium", as it was synthesized at the Berkeley labs.
2) lokaþórbirklingur: "the latter thorberkelian", loka (final) + þórbirklingur (lit. thorberkelian, actinide, see http://lotukerfi.blogspot.be/2012/11/actinides-orbirklingar.html
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